The Bellingham Herald
By Carol J. Williams - Los Angeles Times
LOS ANGELES - A federal law banning compensation for organ transplants doesn't extend to bone marrow harvested from a donor's blood, a federal appeals court said Thursday in a ruling that could attract thousands of new donors in a national campaign to save the lives of those afflicted with cancer, leukemia and genetic disorders.
The 1984 National Organ Transplant Act included bone marrow in its list of "organs and parts thereof" for which donors could face criminal charges and five years in prison for providing them in exchange for money or other "valuable consideration."
Although bone marrow is naturally replenishable, unlike livers, kidneys and other whole organs, its sale was barred because the extraction method used at the time the law was passed was painful and risky for the donor and authorities feared the poor would be induced to submit to the procedure to earn money.
In the last 20 years, though, medical advances have brought about a less intrusive method by which the life-saving marrow stem cells are harvested from a donor's bloodstream in much the same way as blood is drawn at a blood bank. The new process, known as apheresis, filters out excess marrow stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream, as opposed to the surgical extraction method, known as aspiration, which inserts a large needle into the hip bone and siphons out the cells.
A unanimous three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the marrow cells taken from a donor's blood were blood parts, not organ parts, and that a donor is therefore free to accept compensation for a donation.
"This is a fundamental change to how deadly blood diseases will be treated in the country," said Jeff Rowes, the Institute for Justice attorney who argued the case before the 9th Circuit panel in February. "Compensation will expand the donor pool by at least hundreds and potentially thousands each year."
More than 3,000 Americans die each year waiting for a suitable marrow donor, Rowes told the court, representing a group of cancer patients and their families, a Minnesota doctor specializing in bone marrow treatments and the California nonprofit MoreMarrowDonors.org.
The lead plaintiff in the case is Doreen Flynn of Lewiston, Maine, a single mother of five trying to ensure that a broader field of potential donors is available when her three daughters suffering from Fanconi anemia need marrow transplants after treatment for the potentially fatal genetic disorder.
"That is, like, the best Christmas news ever!" said a jubilant Flynn upon hearing that the 9th Circuit had ruled to exclude marrow from the compensation ban. Her 13-year-old daughter is already on medication to stave off the need for a marrow transplant while waiting for a well matched donor, and Flynn must decide soon whether to put one of her 7-year-old twins on the same medication, she said.
MoreMarrowDonors.org wanted the organ transplant law struck down or amended to allow the nonprofit to offer $3,000 scholarships or housing payments to attract new registrants to the National Marrow Donor Program. The registry has more than 7 million members, but many joined years ago during donor drives for friends or family members and are often reluctant to donate to a stranger.
Although the extraction procedure has been greatly simplified, it remains difficult to find the right genetic match between donor and recipient, the plaintiffs argued. Unlike blood, of which there are only four types, marrow comes in millions of types.
The plaintiffs sued U.S. Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr., alleging that the federal law treating bone marrow in the same way as organs that can't be regenerated violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. The appeals court panel ruled that the older extraction method directly drawing cells from the marrow was reasonably included in the ban on compensation but that the marrow cells filtered out of a donor's blood were blood parts, not marrow parts.
"We construe 'bone marrow' to mean the soft, fatty substance in bone cavities, as opposed to blood, which means the red liquid that flows through the blood vessels," said the opinion written by Judge Andrew J. Kleinfeld, an appointee of President George H.W. Bush. "The statute does not prohibit compensation for donations of blood and the substances in it, which include peripheral blood stem cells."
Justice Department spokesman Charles S. Miller said the government hasn't decided yet whether to appeal.
"We're going to have to review it to make a determination about what the government's next step will be," Miller said, declining to comment on the ruling.
The 9th Circuit interpretation applies to its nine-state jurisdiction, but because it is the only federal appeals court to have ruled on the question, its judgment could guide future decisions nationwide.
Note: Canadian Bone Marrow donation policy
Canadian Blood Services operates the OneMatch Stem Cell and Marrow Network
OneMatch will reimburse expenses incurred as a result of donating stem cells. For example, if you have to go to another city for the procedure, they will cover travel and accommodation costs for you and a companion. While the procedure and recovery will take you away from work for a short time, experience has shown that most employers are willing to give sick time or paid leave to stem cell donors.
“You Have the Power to Donate Life – to become an organ and tissue donor Sign-up today!
Tell Your Loved Ones of Your Decision”
Tell Your Loved Ones of Your Decision”
Australia, register at Australian Organ Donor Register
New Zealand, register at Organ Donation New Zealand
South Africa, http://www.odf.org.za/
United States, organdonor.gov
United Kingdom, register at NHS Organ Donor Register
Your generosity can save or enhance the lives of up to fifty people with heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas and small intestine transplants (see allotransplantation). One tissue donor can help by donating skin, corneas, bone, tendon, ligaments and heart valves
Has your life been saved by an organ transplant? "Pay it forward" and help spread the word about the need for organ donation - In the U.S. another person is added to the national transplant waiting list every 11 minutes and 18 people die each day waiting for an organ or tissue transplant. Organs can save lives, corneas renew vision, and tissue may help to restore someone's ability to walk, run or move freely without pain. Life Begins with You.
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