Scientists grow whole tooth units using mouse stem cells

I became very interested in stem cell research after a tour of the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine in Toronto. Their focus of research is in heart, neurological, diabetes, blood and lungs and I was excited about the promise of hope for the future. We are seeing researchers from all over the world achieve stunning results with stem cells, such as the successful growing and transplantation of a trachea (windpipe) and now Japanese researchers are claiming to have made a breakthrough in organ transplant technology. They've engineered an entire tooth from stem cells and successfully transplanted the tooth into a mouse. It's thought to be the first time a complex body part has been developed this way.

In an interview with ABC News in Australia, the Japanese researchers say because the tooth is a more complex structure than any grown before it opens up a range of surreal possibilities.

The breakthrough's first commercial application will be for regeneration of hair follicles, say the Japanese scientists. Other experts say possibly within say 10 years, we can probably transplant, regenerate fingers and toes and perhaps even limbs. Ultimately we might even be able to generate eyes. The Japanese researchers say the ultimate goal is to grow livers and kidneys, to relieve the worldwide shortage of organs for transplants

..team removed two types of stem cells from the molar teeth of mice and grew them in the laboratory. To control the length and shape of the teeth, the cells were placed in a mould, where they grew into entire tooth units.

The entire tooth units were then transplanted into the lower jaws of one-month-old mice. They fused with the tissues and jaw bones around them after about 40 days, Tsuji said. Nerve fibers too could be detected in the new teeth..

By TAN EE LYN, Reuters GMAnews.tv
HONG KONG — Scientists in Japan said on Wednesday they have created teeth — complete with connective fibres and bones — by using mouse stem cells and successfully transplanted them into mice, a step they hope will lead to progress in stem cell research.

The entire tooth units, which were inserted into lower jaws of mice, attached successfully with jaw bones and the rats were able to chew normally, the researchers wrote in a paper in PLoS One (Public Library of Science).

"The bioengineered teeth were fully functional... there was no trouble (with) biting and eating food after transplantation," wrote Masamitsu Oshima, assistant professor at the Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science.

The researchers hope this is a step to help the development of new human organs grown from a patient's own cells.

"At present, researchers worldwide do not have the method to culture three-dimensional organs in vitro (outside the body)," Professor Takashi Tsuji, who led the research, wrote in his reply to questions from Reuters.

"It is important to develop technologies for the culture of the bioengineered organ... for the realization of future organ replacement regenerative therapy."

Stem cells are the body's master cells and source of all cells and tissues. They are undifferentiated and experts believe they can generate all the cell types of the organ from which they originate.

Because of their ability to generate different types of cells and multiply and self-renew, scientists hope to harness stem cells to treat a variety of diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes and injuries.

From stem cells to whole tooth units

Tsuji's team removed two types of stem cells from the molar teeth of mice and grew them in the laboratory. To control the length and shape of the teeth, the cells were placed in a mould, where they grew into entire tooth units.

The entire tooth units were then transplanted into the lower jaws of one-month-old mice. They fused with the tissues and jaw bones around them after about 40 days, Tsuji said. Nerve fibers too could be detected in the new teeth.

Tsuji stressed the importance of finding the right "seed cells" for reparative therapy. In this case, entire tooth units could be grown because the stem cells were taken from molar teeth of mice — where they later grew into enamel, dental bones and other parts that comprised a regular tooth unit.

In 2010, US researchers created an artificial lung that rats used to breathe for several hours. — Reuters

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Man's New Windpipe is the World's First Synthetic Organ Transplant

What’s the News: An African man’s new trachea is the world’s first synthetic organ to be transplanted. Made from a polymer scaffold coated with the patient’s own cells, the windpipe seems to be working out well, more than a month after the surgery.

The synthetic trachea, just before implantation

Image: University College London
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How the Heck:
• The patient had an inoperable golfball-sized tumor, which hadn’t responded well to chemo or radiation treatments, obscuring his windpipe. While patients in such straits often receive donor tracheae, none were available.
• Scientists built a polymer scaffold exactly the same size and shape as the patient’s trachea and two primary bronchi, using 3D scans taken of the patient as a model.
• Another group of scientists then seeded the artificial trachea with stem cells taken from the patient’s bone marrow. The cells were allowed to grow for two days, as researchers prodded them to differentiate into the various tissue types found in a healthy trachea.
• Surgeons then removed the patient’s cancerous trachea and implanted the synthetic replica during a 12-hour operation.
• Since the new trachea is built of the patient’s own cells, there was no risk he would reject the transplant—and thus no need for post-op immunosuppressant drugs.
• The patient is doing well, and will be released from Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden,where the procedure took place, on Friday.
What's the Context:
• Earlier windpipe transplants have also used tissues derived from the patients’ stem cells—but the tissues were grown on donor tracheae, not artificial scaffolds, meaning that a suitable donor was still needed for every transplant.
• Building new organs from only a patient’s cells and manmade materials, however, could eliminate the need for donor organs altogether, a major benefit given the chronic shortage of organs and the number of patients who die while waiting for a transplant.
• This transplant was also amazingly fast—two days to grow a trachea!—which is particularly good news for patients who are critically ill.
The Future Holds:
• The lead surgeon has three more lab-grown trachea transplants planned, two in the US and one in Korea.
• While researchers hope this technique could be used to grow not just tracheas but many other organs, it won’t be an easy process. Hollow organs like tracheas will likely prove easy to build in the lab compared to organs composed of thick tissue, such as the heart.

by Valerie Ross in Health & Medicine Discovermagazine.com

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Your generosity can save or enhance the lives of up to fifty people with heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas and small intestine transplants (see allotransplantation). One tissue donor can help by donating skin, corneas, bone, tendon, ligaments and heart valves

Has your life been saved by an organ transplant? "Pay it forward" and help spread the word about the need for organ donation - In the U.S. another person is added to the national transplant waiting list every 11 minutes and 18 people die each day waiting for an organ or tissue transplant. Organs can save lives, corneas renew vision, and tissue may help to restore someone's ability to walk, run or move freely without pain. Life Begins with You